Organisational Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 4

Organisational Change Management - Essay Example Leadership is interpreted by different theories for different situations. To some, it means control; to others, it means representation. â€Å"Leadership is ‘the behavior of an individual . . . directing the activities of a group toward a shared goal’† (Yukl, 2010). Yukl’s definition suggests that leadership is the authorization to make decisions on the behalf of others. Management is a process that interconnects and transverses every aspect of the organisation. As the integrating force, the company management coordinates, synthesizes and directs the myriads of variant activities within the organisation to maximize shareholder value. According to Easterby-Smith, a manager’s tasks include: 1) organization and coordination; 2) anticipating problems and handling them to ensure the continued operations at an acceptable level; 3) effectively overcoming functional, cultural and technical obstacles and perhaps rebuilding the organization’s structure (Mark Easterby-Smith, 2012). Decisions are based upon the unique variables of a scenario. The choice and much of the success of a leadership style depends upon the character traits of the leader. Businesses suffer and eventually fail due to inadequate or improper leadership. Values have also changed; in some instances values have disappeared from company visions and missions. Neither the employee nor the customer affects decision making, just profits – and increasing shareholder value. The employee’s perception of how the organization values his or her contribution is also important. â€Å"Perceived organizational support (POS) is the degree to which employees believe the organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being† (Robbins, 2011). Employees can sense how much the organization values their input. In order to achieve its goals, leaders must be multi-dimensional. â€Å"Effective leaders make frequent use of task-oriented and person-or iented behaviors† (Yukl, 2010). The key is consistency. If a leader can be found that can perform using the high-high model of leadership, he or she should be considered a highly valuable asset. The leader can effectively serve the staff only to the extent of his or her character. â€Å"The values are likely to be internalized by managers who grow up in a particular culture, and these values will influence their attitudes and behavior in ways that may not be conscious† (Yukl, 2010 In the past, management was mainly seen as a technical, functional and mechanistic activity related to effective organisation and implementation of resources. Although synthesis, coordination and direction are really important functions of managerial behaviour, it does not mean that they are homogeneous; on the contrary, managerial functions are extensively diverse (Bandura, 1982). Consistency is paramount during periods of recession. Implementation of sustainability programs must exist to ens ure the long run success of the operations. This is considered true by Fiksel (1999) in his study of strategies employed by top international corporations to maintain superior business performance Case Scenario: D2 Manufacturing (See Appendix A) The D2 car manufacturing case scenario will be analyzed by use of the ‘Appreciative Inquiry 5D framework’ method (Cooperrider & dan Whitney, 2001): a. Definition b. Discovery c. Dream d. Design e. Destiny The following questions will be

How may genetic and epigenetic phenomena influence cardiovascular risk Essay

How may genetic and epigenetic phenomena influence cardiovascular risk by altering the pathophysiology of plasma lipoproteins - Essay Example The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases is also increasing because of the trend of aging of the population (Rayner and Petersen 2008). One of the most important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases is high cholesterol and saturated fat that is incorporated in significant amounts in everyday diet (Emberson et al. 2003). Programs for saturated fat reduction in the diet in the general population has lead to significant improvement of cholesterol levels in the population of Finland for example, where the program for saturated fat reduction in everyday’s diet lead to significant reduction of the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (Laatikainen et al. 2005). Introduction of effective treatment of dyslipidemia is another factor that can significantly reduce the incidence of morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases. ... ations influence the level of blood lipids within one individual, but also the personal diet has important influence of the effectiveness of statins and other pharmaceuticals (Kajinami et al. 2005). The metabolism of lipids in the organism is complex and is managed by multiple organs and systems. The main lipids in the human organism are the free and esterified cholesterol and triglycerides. Reabsorption of triglycerides starts in enterocytes with the transporters of fatty acids. In the enterocytes fatty acids are then reconstructed into triglycerides and organized with C ester and apolipoproten B48 into chylomicrons by microsomal trygliceride transfer protein (MTTP). This protein is important in normal transport and resorption of triglycerides. Defects in this protein can lead to inherited disease characterized with very low levels of low density lipoproteins LDL called abetalipoproteinemia (Tarugi et al. 2007). But also genetic variations of this protein which is very important in production of chylomicrons in the intestine and VLDL in the liver, are found to be important in the incidence of dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients (Chen et al 2003). In the study conducted by Chen et al 2003, using gene sequencing they studied the influence of MTTP gene polymorphism and its influence on the triglyceride levels in diabetic patients. It was found that the so called MTTP-493 TT variation of the gene was associated with increased triglyceride and VLDL levels and smaller LDL particle size. In this study we can see that a gene variation is found to be directly connected to elevated triglycerides levels in the blood. But the second important finding in this study was the fact that the same group of individuals had findings of smaller size LDL particles, finding